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Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. Secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas, insulin plays a vital role in facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly in muscle and adipose (fat) tissues. When blood glucose levels rise after eating, insulin secretion increases, promoting the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver. This action effectively lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis.

While glucagon, cortisol, and adrenaline are also involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, they primarily function to increase blood glucose levels when needed. Glucagon, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. Cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, promotes gluconeogenesis and the release of glucose from protein stores, particularly during stress. Adrenaline (or epinephrine), released during the fight-or-flight response, enhances glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle to provide immediate energy during acute stress. Therefore, while these hormones play significant roles in glucose regulation, insulin is the key player for lowering blood glucose levels after meals, making it