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The function of the alveoli in the lungs is primarily to facilitate gas exchange between the air and the blood. These tiny, balloon-like structures are the endpoint of the respiratory system where oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide from the blood is released into the alveoli to be exhaled. This exchange occurs due to the thin walls of the alveoli, which are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells that allow for efficient diffusion of gases. The large surface area provided by the millions of alveoli in the lungs maximizes the efficiency of this gas exchange, making it crucial for maintaining proper oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body.

While it's important to note that the other functions mentioned, such as filtering and humidifying the air, producing surfactant, and providing structural support to the lung, contribute to overall respiratory health, they are not the primary role of the alveoli. Instead, these functions are carried out by various other structures and mechanisms within the respiratory system.